John Lockes Second Treatise, of Civil Government Putting...

Lockes Second Treatise, of Civil Government has the main idea of putting sovereignty into the hands of the people, and this was one of the main ideas behind the constitution. It plays in very well, the framers built the government around the people, by making it a republic. On the national level all people are represented, and as it is divided down to state, county, city, etc. the people gain more power. Albeit, there are many differing theories of the motives of the founding fathers, from Gods hand on their minds to the Burkean conservatives they are. In between those are the theories of John P. Roche and Charles A. Beard but those differ almost as much as the God and Burkean theories. Roche thought the founding fathers were†¦show more content†¦With the view point of Locke, I would fully agree with the theory of Roche, for many reasons. In the state of nature, natural law governs behavior, and each person has consent to execute that law against someone who wrongs them by b reaching their rights. But people give up these rights when they enter a civil society, in return they get a community with protection and trust, among other things. So, first of all, Locke stresses the point of trust in each other for a civil society, and in Beards theory he talks about how the framers themselves were distrustful of others and majority rule. But, Roche talks about the compromises each state delegate made when framing the constitution, and that alone breeds trust among them. Locke also believes that when the executive authority becomes too powerful, and no longer represents the people, then they should rebel and appoint a person they can trust. And if the founders are indeed greedy and self-interested politicians looking for personal gain, then Locke would only think of rebelling. But, it is very apparent that the only personal gain came as a coincidence through the compromises the framers made, and they were such a diverse group that none would have the same intere sts to be fulfilled. There were slave owners, and not slave owners, property owners and not,Show MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment And The Enlightenment907 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected the way people understood the role of government. It changed they way they think about the purpose of the government and who should govern them. Individuals did not have to accept despair. Science and reason could bring happiness and progress. Kings did not rule by divine right. They had an obligation to their subjects. Moreover, Declaration of Independence also supported the Enlightenment principles of government advocated by John Locke. John Lockes ideas that people are entitled to theirRead MoreMartin Luther, Thomas Hobbes And John Locke2526 Words   |  11 Pagesthe law. This declaration made by the powerful nations and signed by all nations strong and weak that belong to the United Nations reflects the thoughts of many earlier philosophers to include the 16th 17th Century Martin Luther, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. However, each philosopher -based on their times and experiences gave a different value to how men use their freedom and equality in presence of the other in a society, and in relation to political authority. As determinant of his freedom toRead MoreLockes Explanation of Creation, Value and Protection of Property5870 Words   |  24 PagesLockes Explanation of Creation, Value and Protection of Property ‘The great and chief end... of Mens uniting into Commonwealths, and putting themselves under Government, is the preservation of their property’ (Second treatise, para.124). How and why does Locke explain the creation, value and

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CSR Activities of Coca ColaClick for Get Free Solution

Question: Discuss the CSR Activities of Coca Cola. Answer: Introduction: Although the ulterior objective of any private organization is profit maximization, it also should ensure that its business practice does not create any environmental hazard, but if possible, does contribute to the well-being of the world. Keeping in mind, the responsible act of doing business, even large multinational companies, such as Coca Cola, is engaging much in CSR activities. The involvement in CSR activities, is not only helping Coca Cola in maintaining ecological sustainability and contributing to community well-being, but also in getting competitive advantage. As the CSR activities can easily attract the socially conscious consumers, it directly contributes to the organizational success (Tziner et al. 2013). Discussion: In the world of beverages, Coca cola is one of the most reputed names, leading the consumer market through its production of soft drinks, fruit drinks, sport drinks and many other types of beverages. Although Coca Cola is a leading name in the market of beverages, it is not free from close competition from some of the rival giants such as Monster Beverage or Pepsi. Hence, to retain its top position in the market, Coca Cola has incorporated the idea of CSR in its business strategy (Caplan et al. 2016). Research Questions: The research questions of the following research are as follows: What are the CSR activities that Coca Cola follows? How does the CSR activities help coca cola to attain brand value and enjoy competitive advantage in the business world? To what extent does Coca Cola follow the CSR activities in reality? Literature Review: According to Hills and Wellford, Coca cola is one of the few beverage companies of the world, which has taken up various initiatives to act like a responsible organization in the business world. The major CSR activities which Coca Cola engages itself in, are as follows: Figure 1: CSR Activities of Coca Cola (Caplan et al. 2013) Hills points out that as Coca cola is a beverage manufacturing organization, Coca Cola, puts much effort for the purpose of water conservation. The company follows a 3R approach to the purpose of water conservation. The company believes in Reducing the total amount of water being used, Reusing the wastewater on plants, and Replenishing the water being consumed in the process. For the purpose of replenishment of the water, the company invests on various initiatives, such as the Rain Water Harvesting Programs (Alabau et al. 2015). Wellford has pointed out that the company is also investing much energy and money for the sake of water efficient means of beverage production. The official report suggests that back in the year of 2004, the company was using as much as 2.7 Liters of water, for the purpose of producing a 1 Liter of its beverage product. However, by now the company has reduced its total consumption of water, as the company is using only 2.3 Liters for the production of 1 Liter bottle (Gleick Ajami 2013) . Furthermore, the company is also aiming at reducing the amount to only 1.7 liters, by the year of 2020. The introduction of the idea of water efficiency in the production process in the company was only possible, because the company has invested much money for the acquisition of improved technological devices, and the adoption of water foot printing techniques. Again, Hess has spoken recently about how Coca cola believes in the idea of shared interest. The CEO of Coca cola, Muhtar Kent, has specifically stated that the company believes in giving back as much as it takes. With this view in mind, the company has adopted the 5by20 scheme, which aims at providing adequate training and financial assistance to 5 million women entrepreneurs of the world (Dorfman et al. 2012) . Since, Coca cola as a beverage brand, promotes well-being and the art of healthy living, the industry invests much money for conducting various physical activity and nutrition programs, across the world. In fact, Coca Cola also invests a huge amount of money for helping children take preventive measures against Obesity. Coca Cola also financially helps the children of the lower strata of the society, by offering scholarship to as many as 1,35,000 children and the total amount of scholarship covered, the expense of fees, stationary, books and every other education related exp ense of each student (Stead et al. 2013). Coca cola has been ranked as one of the top 10 most respected brands of the world for its engagement in CSR activities. However, Wright states that Coca Colas CSR activities is a part of its effective business strategy. According to him, the company is benefitting much from CSR activities than the community is benefitting from such activities. In several countries, such as India and the US, the image of Coca Cola was nothing short of a corporate villain, a few years back. This was mainly because of the CSE report, claiming that the company is degrading and damaging the water through its production, and the beverage products were containing a huge amount of pesticides. Resultantly, the product was not only banned in many countries, but its sale dropped by 15% during 2003 (Doh et al. 2014). Hence, it became extremely important for the company to create environmental and social value, by saving energy and water, investing for literacy and sustainability programs. The CSR activities help s in creating goodwill in the minds of consumers as well as stakeholders. In 2013, Nielson conducted a research on 29,000 consumers asking them as to what influences their purchasing decision, and the response was incredible. More than half of the consumers claimed that they are influenced to buy even unhealthy products, if the company is a socially responsible one. Here, it is worth mentioning that Coca Cola has already bagged some prestigious awards such as the Golden Peacock Award for its sincere efforts in CSR activities, and this has doubled the annual revenue of the company (Epstein et al. 2014). It is undeniable that Coca Cola is actively contributing to question of community well-being and environmental sustainability, even if it is ultimately guided by profit-oriented goals. However, according to Frundt, reports suggest that Coca Cola, as a company, largely indulges in employee discrimination activities, based on racial considerations. Further, on various occasions, charges have been brought against the company for polluting soil, poisoning water, causing water shortage in the interior parts of each country (Karnani et al. 2013). Research Methodology: The researcher must have a clear idea about the methodology he is going to employ for conducting the research, as this will help in organizing his resources towards a cohesive whole. The research philosophy that the researcher is going to adopt is mainly Interpretivism. Although, the researcher will conduct both qualitative as well as quantitative method of research, he primarily aims to investigate the relation between Coca Colas CSR activities and the additional revenue generated by it. For this, Interpretivism will help the researcher in making an in-depth study of the present CSR strategy of Coca Cola, with the help of interview and interactive sessions with the managers and accountants of the company. The biggest advantage of CSR will be that the researcher will be able to have a thorough understanding of what Coca Cola and how is that helping the company in increasing its brand value in the business world (Portac et al. 2014). The researcher will be going to adopt both qualitative as well as quantitative methods for conducting the research. On the one hand, the researcher aims to investigate the extent to which Coca Colas CSR activities influence the purchasing decision of the buyers. On the other hand, the researcher also intends to find out how the different CSR activities are incorporated into the business strategy of the firm. For the former, the researcher will need a statistical data and hence employ a quantitative research method, while for the latter, a qualitative method will do (Creswell et al. 2013). Data Collection Method: The researcher will be chiefly collecting and using Secondary Data, as the researcher will be conducting the research by holding interviews and conducting surveys. The researcher will hold the interview with the accountants and the managers of Coca Cola, Australia, to understand the different CSR activities of the organization, and the impact of the same on the annual revenue and brand reputation of the company. The researcher will choose face-to-face as well as telephonic interviews. Besides, the researcher will conduct a survey on a few consumers and distribute a questionnaire to each one of them, asking them the extent to which CSR activities influence their buying behavior. The survey will be conducted both offline and online. However, the researcher will also use Primary data as he will go through the public records and official documents on Coca Cola company, and other literary articles, before conducting the research (Bryman et al. 2015). The research tools that will be requir ed for conducting the research are- questionnaires, pencil, and telephonic connection. Further, the researcher will also need access to online survey sites, such as SurveyMonkey. Data Analysis Method: The sample size of the research for interview is 6. The researcher will conduct the interview on 3 managers and 3 accountants of the Coca Cola company. Again, the sample size of the research for the survey is 50. Here, the sampling method, that the researcher is going to use, is Stratified Sampling Method. As a result, here, the researcher will be selecting the respondents for the survey on two conditions- (i) they are consumers of beverage products and (ii) they are well aware of the CSR activities of the beverage companies. Based on these criteria, they will be allowed to participate in the survey (Fowler et al. 2013). Expected Outcome: The researcher expects that by the end of the research process, he will be able to have a thorough understanding regarding the process by which large multinational organizations, such as Coca Cola, employ CSR strategies to achieve organizational success. Further, the researcher will also be able to make an enquiry into the fact that whether Coca Cola, employs CSR merely as a strategy or it does bring about significant social change (Hansen 2015). Reference List: Alabau, G.M.C., Shaw, K.A., Kenney, M.R., Kalloch, S. and Nelson, T., 2015. The Challenge of Positive Water Balance for Multinational Corporations. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Caplan, D., Dutta, S.K. and Lawson, R.A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility initiatives across the value chain.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,24(3), pp.15-24. Caplan, D., Dutta, S.K. and Lawson, R.A., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Across the Value Chain.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(4), pp.57-66. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Doh, J.P. and Quigley, N.R., 2014. Responsible leadership and stakeholder management: Influence pathways and organizational outcomes.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(3), pp.255-274. Dorfman, L., Cheyne, A., Friedman, L.C., Wadud, A. and Gottlieb, M., 2012. Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: how do they compare?.PLoS Med,9(6), p.e1001241. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Fowler Jr, F.J., 2013.Survey research methods. Sage publications. Gleick, P.H. and Ajami, N., 2014.The World's Water Volume 8: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources(Vol. 8). Island press. Hansen, R.T., 2015.Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Avoidance in Sub-Saharan Africa-A Case Study of the Beverage Manufacturing Sector(Doctoral dissertation). Karnani, A.G., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Avert the Tragedy of the Commons--Case Study: Coca-Cola India.Ross School of Business Paper, (1210). Potrac, P., Jones, R.L. and Nelson, L., 2014. 4 Interpretivism.Research methods in sports coaching, p.31. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013. The coevolution of sustainable strategic management in the global marketplace.Organization Environment, p.1086026613489138. Tziner, A., 2013. Corporative social responsibility (CSR) activities in the workplace: A comment on Aguinis and Glavas (2013).Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,29(2), pp.91-93.

Workplace Issues free essay sample

What problems have you identified during your clinical experiences that could be considered issues to be addressed using CQI? One of the biggest problems I’ve seen during my clinical experiences is carelessness with medications. The majority of nurses that I’ve encountered during clinical do not bother checking the patient’s I. D. band or allergies when administering medications. I’ve also seen many nurses who check the medication against the MAR only once before giving the medication. Another medication issue I’ve observed is nurses leaving medications unattended.There have been several times where Ive seen medications left on the nursing station counter or even in patients’ rooms. Any of these actions could result in serious medication errors and significant harm to the patient. Infection control is another problem that I’ve observed during my time in clinical. There have been many times where I saw a nurse enter the room of a patient on contact precautions and put on gloves but no gown, or vice versa. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the nurses go into the rooms to â€Å"check something real quick† but then end up accidentally touching something.This is a huge problem as the nurse could have come in contact with a contaminated surface, and then spread it to other patients, staff, or visitors at the hospital. This is also an issue of concern because I believe that nurses should always be mindful and setting an example for the patient’s visitors. If a family member sees that a nurse does not don the proper protective wear when entering the room, he or she may think that it’s unnecessary and not bother to do so, either.

Definition and Examples of Audience Analysis

Definition and Examples of Audience Analysis In the preparation of a speech or a composition, audience analysis is the process of determining the values, interests, and attitudes of the intended or projected  listeners or readers. Karl Terryberry notes that successful writers tailor their messages . . . to the needs and values of the audience. . . . Defining the audience helps writers set communication goals (Writing for the Health Professions, 2005). Examples and Observations of Audience Analysis The goals of clarity, propriety, and persuasiveness dictate that we adapt our arguments, as well as the language in which they are cast, to an audience. Even a well-constructed argument may fail to convince if it is not adapted to your actual audience.Adapting arguments to an audience means that we must know something about the audience we are addressing. The process of audience adaptation begins with an effort to construct an accurate profile of the audience members that considers such factors as their age, race, and economic status; their values and beliefs; and their attitudes toward you and your topic. (James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. Strata, 2007) Audience Analysis in Business Writing Youre in a new job and eager to impress. So dont let your heart sink if your first big task is to write a report. Its likely to be read by a whole raft of people- and that could include the managing director. . . .A great deal of thinking should go into the report before you actually start to write anything, says Park Sims, adviser to Industrial Society Learning and Development and a director of Park Sims Associates. . .You cannot overestimate the importance of audience analysis, says Park. Are they friends or enemies, competitors or customers? All that will influence mightily what level of detail you go into and what language and style of writing you use. What do they know about the subject already? Can you use jargon? (Karen Hainsworth, Wowing Your Executive Audience. The Guardian, May 25, 2002)Audience analysis is  always a central task in document planning. In most cases, you discover that you must address multiple audiences with varied reasons for using your document. Some wil l need help getting started; others will want to use  the product at advanced levels . . ..When you have pictured the users of your document and their motives and goals, you are better able to organize information to be most helpful to your audience. (James G. Paradis and Muriel L. Zimmerman, The MIT Guide to Science and Engineering Communication, 2nd ed. The MIT Press, 2002) Audience Analysis in Composition [A]n audience analysis guide sheet can be an effective intervention tool for student writers. The worksheet that follows can be used for this purpose, even when students are using new media. Who is my audience? Who do I want my audience to be? What knowledge about the subject does my audience already have?What does my audience think, believe, or understand about this topic before he or she reads my essay?What do I want my audience to think, believe, or understand  about this topic after he or she reads my essay?How do I want my audience to think of me? What role do I want to play in addressing my audience? (Irene L. Clark, Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2012) Analyzing an Audience in Public Speaking You might think about these questions as the who, what, where, when, and whys of audience interaction: Who is in this audience?What opinions does your audience already have about the topic you are presenting?Where are you addressing the audience? What things about the context or occasion might influence your audience members interest and dispositions?When are you addressing the audience? This is not just a matter of the time of day, but also why your topic is timely for the audience.Why would your audience be interested in your topic? Why should these people make a particular judgment, change their minds, or take a specific action? In other words, how does your goal intersect with their interests, concerns, and aspirations? This analysis will help you figure out how to make effective choices in your speech.(William Keith and Christian O. Lundberg, Public Speaking: Choice and Responsibility, 2nd. ed. Wadsworth, 2016) George Campbell (1719-1796) and Audience Analysis [Campbells] notions on audience analysis and adaptation and on language control and style perhaps have had the longest range influence on rhetorical practice and theory. With considerable foresight, he told prospective speakers what they need to know about audiences in general and audiences in particular. . . .[In The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Campbell] moved to an analysis of the things which a speaker should know about his particular audience. These include such matters as educational level, moral culture, habits, occupation, political leanings, religious affiliations, and locale. (James L. Golden, The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2004) Audience Analysis and the New Rhetoric The New Rhetoric recognizes situation (or context) as the basic principle of communication and revives invention as an indispensable component of rhetoric. In so doing, it establishes audience and audience analysis as important to the rhetorical process and vital to invention. [Chaim] Perelmans and [Stephen] Toulmins theories especially establish audience belief as the basis for all rhetorical activity (which covers most written and spoken discourse), and as the starting point for the construction of arguments. Later, theorists applied the insights of New Rhetoric theory specifically to composition theory and instruction. (Theresa Enos, ed., Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age. Taylor Francis, 1996) Hazards and Limitations of Audience Analysis [I]f you pay so much attention to the audience that you inhibit your self-expression, audience analysis has gone too far. (Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991)As Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford point out, a key element of much audience analysis is the assumption that knowledge of the audiences attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is not only possible (via observation and analysis) but essential (1984, 156). . .Due to the pervasiveness of an audience-oriented inventional strategy in the history of rhetoric, numerous analytic methods have been developed over the years to aid the rhetor in this hermeneutic task. From Aristotles early efforts to categorize audience responses to George Campbells attempts at engaging the findings of faculty psychology to contemporary demographic attempts to apply cognitive psychology, the tradition offers a vast array of tools for audience analysis, each of which relies on some visible criteria in order to dete rmine an audiences beliefs or values.Nevertheless, these efforts to infer attitudes and beliefs from more observable phenomenon present the analyst with a host of difficulties. One of the most sensitive problems is that the results of such analyses frequently end up looking like a politically egregious form of stereotyping (not unlike the practice of racial profiling). (John Muckelbauer, The Future of Invention: Rhetoric, Postmodernism, and the Problem of Change. SUNY Press, 2008)

A Writer Lept to a Wrong Conclusion

A Writer Lept to a Wrong Conclusion A Writer Lept to a Wrong Conclusion A Writer Lept to a Wrong Conclusion By Mark Nichol While reading an otherwise well-written and well-edited book, I was bemused to note that the number of high school students in the United States had â€Å"lept† from one total to another over a given span of years. How was it, I wondered, that the fact that lept is not a word escape a writer, a developmental editor, a copy editor, and a proofreader (assuming that the manuscript benefited from perusal by each of these agents) not to mention a spell-checking program? It’s easy enough for a writer to be mistaken about the validity of such a word. Leapt is a variant of leaped (more commonly used in British English than in American English, but gaining in popularity on this side of the Pond), but the writer can be forgiven for assuming that just as the past tense of creep is crept and those of keep, sleep, sweep, and weep are kept, slept, swept, and wept, leap takes a past-tense leap to lept. (Creeped is not a word, except informally to refer to being creeped out, the sensation of being disturbed by someone or something thought to be creepy, and keeped, sleeped, sweeped, and weeped are likewise nonwords, though the last two mutations sometimes sneak past editors.) A moment’s thought, however, will make it clear to the writer that this progression (or is it a regression?) is not universal: The past-tense forms of beep, peep, and seep are beeped, peeped, and seeped, rather than bept, pept, and sept. (That last word is valid as a noun meaning â€Å"clan† or â€Å"branch of a family.†) More significantly, though, words identical to leap in spelling as well as sound form past tenses of heaped and reaped, not hept and rept. English is full of challenging inconsistencies of spelling and pronunciation: Compare the present and past tenses of read identical in appearance but not in sound and note the difference in tense transformation for head (headed) and lead (led), not to mention the fact that the present-tense forms are pronounced differently. These idiosyncrasies make it all the more important for even native speakers and writers including those with decades of experience to consider the consequences of less-than-stringent vigilance: Nobody else may notice your mistake, either until I pick up the published book and write a post about it. To help you maintain a high standard of diligence, remember this hypothetical penalty (one that I should post a notice about in my office): Pretend that spelling and other mechanical errors are a capital crime, and see what this imaginary impetus does for your motivation to avoid them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.Among vs. AmongstComma Before Too?

LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRINCIPLES Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRINCIPLES - Term Paper Example Some of the leadership theories focus on the qualities that distinguish leaders and their followers (Bennis, 1989). In addition, other leadership theories highlight on the levels of skills and an individuals approach towards various aspects of leadership in a particular context in the society. Leadership is a core element of the society because it promotes effective organization, planning, and decision-making processes in the society. On a personal level, I take an evolved approach to leadership based on experiences in different social contexts. In this case, my personal definition of leadership is the ability to stimulate and motivate people to act towards a desired goal or vision. Leadership would not only focus on the goal or vision but also help the workers to rise to their full capabilities while accomplishing the goal or mission of an organization. In addition, effective leadership qualities are developed by establishing an individual’s weaknesses and initiating appropriate measures to promote leadership (Bennis, 1989). The establishment of the characteristics of my weaknesses in the interacting with different people in the society contributes to the development of good leadership qualities. The experience also enables me to develop effective problem-solving strategies in different social contexts. Addition, good leadership is developed through embracing of the challenges an individual faces in inter acting and resolving issues in the society (George, McLean & Craig, 2008). Leadership challenges vary depending on various aspects such as behavioral, psychological and social context. The challenges an individual faces in a particular leadership position are essential in enhancing leadership development in them. In addition, the process of overcoming some of the challenges to effective leadership is crucial in establishing a confident approach to various arguments in a particular context (George, McLean & Craig, 2008). Leadership challenges refer to

Analysis of the Contract Law Cases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis of the Contract Law Cases - Assignment Example The organizer or the person who got the contract from the company can express disclaim for all the liability and damage to persons or goods including the exhibits or furnishings in the premises. This exclusion of the liability generally will be irrespective of cause or responsibility. The exclusion of the liability cause will be complete if the damage is a result of the organizer’s buildings or furnishings. In this contract, this exclusion is not included. The damage due to the external causes can be excluded and the remaining damages can be excluded from the liability of the contractor to whom the retail sales contract has been awarded. The liability cause is limited to the internal cause in case of damage and the external causes cannot make contractor bind over for the damage. In the third express term, the price variation clause of raw material can be considered. This is because the company is awarding a retail sales contract. This should include the wage variation that cau ses price variation. In the case of industrial tenders, the raw material supplied can be considered for the price variation. In the case of retail sales, the goods supplied by the company to the retail contractor can be considered as the raw material and the price variation clause can be applied. The supplier has to mention the base price of the material supplied to the retail contractor. According to unfair contract terms act 1977, the references to liability are needed to be considered. The liability of an occupier of the premises for breach of an obligation or duty towards a person obtaining access has to be mentioned in that context. This access is restricted because the company awarding the contract can claim that the equity regarding the premises and the business is owned by it. Here this clause can be termed as unfair because the contractor who got permission for retail sales from the company is paying an amount to the company and the amount includes the value of the material supplied. If the company wants to own the equity, it can take the money as deposit regarding the material supplied only.        Ã‚  

Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender Essay Example for Free

Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender Essay The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender is crime novel about contemporary Australian life, written with all the ambiguity and moral sophistication of most â€Å"who dun-nits . It looks like crime, and sounds like crime, and sells like crime, but it’s Literature! Its Opening is a subversion of the genre a reversal of expectation as we are duped into believing this is your typical male private eye (P. I. ). The role reversal a female in a traditional male dominated field; women can do everything men can do challenges the stereotypes of traditional crime fiction. Purpose: (themes, concerns, issues main ideas.) 1. To create a sense of place — Sydney. Marele Day had spent four years travelling the world and when she came back to Sydney recognised its special charm and atmosphere. She became determined to write a book about it and its special appeal. a) Find references to Sydney, favourable and unfavourable. * what aspects are emphasized? * In totality how does Day present Sydney? * what are the links with the past? * what is meant by the â€Å"facade of Sydney’? 2. Corruption and suspicion vs probity and trust. 3. Effect of technology — have we become dehumanised? Will technology take over from humans? * What is the relationship between humanity and technology? 4. Isolation — Most of the characters are isolated in one way or another. * Find as many examples of isolation as possible. * What overall comment is made about isolation? * Is there a connection between it and technology? II. TECHNIQUE 1. Day uses a lot of the technique of modern day films especially the â€Å"black and white† scenes on Harry Lavender. How is he portrayed? He is very detached and aloof. We the audience get to see and hear what Claudia is not privy to. Are these extracts from the book Mark Bannister was writing? 2. Comment on Claudia Valentine’s PhrasingÃ'Ž Claudia speaks in the manner of a hard-boiled worldly wise Private Investigator (P. I. ). slick, glib, swaggering, at times sassy (cheeky) and sometimes tongue in cheek. â€Å"Live fast, die young, and leave a good looking corpse† (22) â€Å"I was changing cars more often than I changed my underwear† (101) â€Å"But it’s one â€Å"It’ll be dead end if you don’t. Now move† (162) Word Play Double entendre (meaning) â€Å"It must have been a plant. † â€Å"A lavender plant. † (126) â€Å"Terminal illness† (6, 17, 20, â€Å"Alter, (141 â€Å"curse, cursor (143 heart ( 55, â€Å"waiting for the developers to give them a new lease of life, or maybe just a new lease. † (69) Humour â€Å"wit† â€Å"I wait for bald men to pass by and ash on their heads (23) one of the former and two of the latter, and the former is former† her reply to Steve regarding her marital status. ( 27) â€Å"You put it away, Otto, you don’t know where it’s been. † â€Å"That’s the trouble,† he moaned, it hasn’t been anywhere lately. (53) social commentary â€Å"Divorced? † â€Å"Isn’t everyone? † (27) â€Å"I had made a mistake getting into a car with a law-abiding policeman† â€Å"You young folk are always in a hurry,† she said managing a smile. (45) â€Å"pollution and syringes (54), women (54), fast food (68)Ã'Ž

Feminism in Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and When It Changed by

Feminism in Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and When It Changed by Joanna Russ During the long history of science fiction, one of the most common themes is the utopia. Many feminists used utopia to convey their ideas. Two of these stories, Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "When It Changed" by Joanna Russ portray feminist utopias in different ways. Herland shows a society lacking men, and makes this seem positive, while "When It Changed" shows an all-female society that mirrors a world with men. Through their respective stories, the authors are saying that women should be considered equal to men. Gilman points out that women should be accepted because they can survive on their own, while Russ suggests that women can be as strong as men if necessary. Herland is the story of three men that stumble upon a society populated entirely by women. This culture is superior in virtually all ways to the world of the men. The narrator is one of the visiting men, and he is constantly in awe of the perfection. The women of Herland know no poverty, hunger, or evil. This novel was written in a time when the women’s movement was in its earliest stages. This parallels the fact that Herland, and most utopias, are found in distant, isolated locations. Gilman’s portrayal of a utopian feminist society is perfect, without any outwardly apparent flaws. Although her view is exaggerated, she suggests that a society made up of all females would be superior to one with both sexes, and, in saying this, she makes a powerful statement for women’s equality. Bernice Hausman writes, "Gilman’s social Darwinism†¦ rested on the ‘assertion that women, as a collective entity, could, if they chose, be the moving force in the recog nition of society.’" (1... ...e topic; that women deserve to be accepted in society. Russ attempts to show this through the society on Whileaway, where the women survive without men by becoming like men themselves. In contrast, Gilman uses a society of females to show that women were confined by their roles of society, and were capable of much more. Sources used: Clemons, Tammy. "Feminism in Herland: A Utopian Vision of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Published on www.womenwriters.net Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Herland. Minola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1998. Hausman, Bernice L. "Sex before gender: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the evolutionary paradigm of utopia." Feminist Studies, Fall 1998 issue. Russ, Joanna. "When It Changed". The Prentice Hall Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Garyn G. Roberts. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Pg. 946-951.

Psychology Questions Essay

In Anita’s case, the possibility that she may conclude that she will suffer from chronic depression once she grows up, may be attributed to the four psychological factors mentioned below. 1. Framing: This is a phenomenon where a fact is construed as make-believe in order to affect the mind of the listener. The listener in turn may trust the source and believe everything to be true without any validation of the facts. In Anita’s case, her parents have informed her when she was as young as ten years, about the fact that she may suffer like her sister when she grows up. This act by her parents is an instance of â€Å"framing† a myth into her mind, which she would recollect after growing up and then there are chances that she may suffer from the disorder as well. The framing nevertheless may mislead her into believing her parents and influence her mind to repeat the same deeds as her elder sister did. 2. Availability heuristic: This is a psychological phenomenon where an individual forms a final opinion based on the â€Å"currently available† data. The individual does not gather any other information but starts treating the available information to be complete. In Anita’s case, her parents have informed her that there are 40% chances of she getting into chronic depression as much as her sister when she grows up. This data is clearly insufficient as Anita, being young, will neither be able to validate the percentage nor does she have enough maturity to speculate the issue. Thus, when she grows up, this data may mislead her into trusting the data and she may experience depression. 3. Confirmation Bias: This is a phenomenon where an individual selectively believes from a present fact, what he or she already knows. For instance, in Anita’s case, she already knows what her parents have told her about 40% chances of her getting into depression. Moreover, she has observed her sister undergo the problem as well. In such a case, this preconception or hypothesis is likely to affect her and make her think all that is true when she grows up. This may lead Anita to believe that she will suffer from depression. 4. Belief Perseverance: This phenomenon is another instance of confirmation bias where an individual continues to believe what he or she already knows. In Anita’s case, her mind is fed with incorrect data when she was young. Thus, when she grows up, she may believe it to be true and initiate herself to experience chronic depression unfortunately. If not initiate, she might often get depressed by thinking of her childhood. ? Answer 2 In this case study, Tony’s dual behavior at work and with friends is a result of two psychological factors, person-situation controversy and reciprocal determinism respectively. In a person-situation controversy, an individual exercises his or her abilities to control the situation with the help of changing personality and behavior. This is a psychological attitude, which individuals develop in order to survive in the society. This could be analyzed based on Sigmund Freud’s Ego, Super-ego and the Id. The Ego is the external projection of an individual in front of others. In this situation, the individual assimilates what others want and then gives it to them. The Super-ego is the agent between the ego and the id, acts as a mediator between the two, and validates the communication between the two as well. The Id consists of the deepest, private thoughts of the individual. In Toni’s case, he acts true self in front of his friends, by being boastful and outgoing with his friends. This is because he knows they are his friends and he can act like himself. However, in an office environment, he needs to project a business-like personality according to the varying situations. That is why he acts polite and sincere always. In both his personal life and professional life, he exerts his ego but as the situations are different, he modifies his behavior accordingly. Reciprocal determinism is a condition where an individual clearly segregates what is needed when! This is a process, based on Albert Bandura’s theory, of determining how to behave based on personal choice and social factors. In Tony’s case, his behavior can be equated with a child’s behavior; one that projects the ego according to his personal wishes also takes into careful consideration, the social factors. However, Tony is smart enough to understand the necessity in a particular situation and condition his inner self according to the situation. Whether he accepts his dual behavior or not, he definitely projects his behavior is in accord with what the situation demands of him. This question refers to the slaughter of Jews by Nazis under Hitler’s rule and then the impact it had on the minds of Germans. David’s supposition that all Germans had become cruel and merciless with twisted personalities is debatable, as he seems to have come to an exuberant psychological conclusion based on a historical study without speculating the nuances of the events. Mr. Stanley Milgram, psychologist at Stanley University in his findings on obedience states the role of what one may call a pseudo- authoritarian or pseudo-leader to be influencing individuals by giving them political and psychological shocks. This was the case with the Nazi holocausts where the Nazis under the Hitler regime murdered thousands of Jews. Considering the expanse of Hitler’s operations, he had several Nazi followers obeying him as if they were blindfolded due to his firm command and tyrannous authority. This is one of the significant reasons why David senses tyranny and cruelty amongst the people of Germany in following Hitler’s orders and their assisting him in slaughtering the Jews. In actuality, both the subjects and objects of Hitler’s tyranny were the Germans themselves! By supporting their leader, they were giving themselves false hopes of achieving a world free of opposition and religious beliefs to conflict theirs. This is also a classic example of Jung’s â€Å"collective psychology† where an entire society construes a belief through a leader and influences one another to justify acts such as murder and slaughter under the pretext of religious defiance. Because of the propensity of human beings to depend on somebody and obey the person to satisfy one’s own conscience, such historical mistakes probably, take place. Reference â€Å"Milgram Experiment† on http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Milgram_experiment

Morality & differentiate Essay

Morality is defined as the ability to differentiate what is right and what is wrong. While the concept may seem simple enough, in reality however it is much more complex than that. The main question is how does one define right and wrong? If something is deemed as â€Å"right†for one person, does it automatically mean that it is the right one for another? This rather confusing view of morality is exemplified in the current saying that â€Å"one man’s terrorist is another man’s patriot. † Truly, morality is not that easy to define. Morality however it seems is more often than not defined by the society at large. A society is define as a group of individuals that have common interests as well as have their own culture. This concept of society and morality is highly apparent in the novel by Azar Nafisi title â€Å"Reading Lolita in Tehran, A Memoir in Books. † Nafisi is in Iranian scholar who emigrated in 1997 to the United States. The book mentioned in the title is the novel by Vladimir Nabokov which tells the story of a middle aged man who has sexual obsessions with a pre-teen girl, specifically a twelve-year old girl. Although Nafisi’s novel isn’t just about this particular book, Lolita is however one of those books considered as controversial in Iran. Novels like One Thousand and One Nights, Invitation to a Beheading, The Great Gatsby and Pride and Prejudice, are also included and their similarity to what is happening in Iran. It is Lolita however that gets a rather good exposure in the book. Nafisi’s novel however goes much deeper that what the title actually says. It gives a rather good view on what happens to the people when a society suddenly changes its view on things. Nafisi’s book gives a closer look to what happened in Iran when Ayatollah Khomeini gained power after the Islamic revolution. One of this was the decree requiring women of Iran to follow a dress code. Iranian women were now required to wear veils. An issue that Nafisis tackles a lot in her book. This simple decree caused a great deal of change in Iran. Prior to the decree, Iranian women did not wear veils. For most women, the decree was considered as a restriction to their freedom. Women who do not follow this rule are often detained. As a result, wearing the veil also restricted how people interacted with one another. One reason for this change in interaction is the differences in their reactions to the decree. While some stated that they â€Å"hated†it, others supported it saying it made them feel more â€Å"relaxed. † In general though, women who did not wear veils were considered immoral and even unchaste by the society at large. The decree requiring the veil also allowed for segregation and discrimination. The veil made women have a less status that the men. The veil did not only change the relationships that people had with each other but also on their individual roles and responsibilities. While women were still allowed to go to universities, these were still subjected to suppression by those in power. Segregation was not the only thing that was practiced in the universities but those who were found talking to the opposite sex were punished by the religious authorities. In fact, because the school where Nafisi taught was rather liberal, school officials were often asked if they believed the school was located in Switzerland, the word being connected with all things considered decadent and lax. The wearing of the veil also made women subservient to men who had to follow whatever was said to them. This change in culture actually continued despite Khomeini’s death. According to Nafisi, Khomeini’s real death would only come when women were not required to wear scarves in public anymore. By interjecting the novel Lolita in her book, Nafisi shows what the society truly is. A country doing its best to live in a fantasy world. In Lolita, the main protagonist Humbert Humbert, wishes to have the perfect Lolita. Implementing the decree on the wearing of the veil in reality reveals Khomeini’s dream of having a truly perfect Koranic society. Nafisi argues that much like story, where Humbert’s pursuit eventually destroys Lolita, Iran may likely experience the same. Living in a fantasy world though may not be that bad. Nafisi’s book tells us that â€Å"we all need to create a paradise to escape into. † ( 281) She however immediately corrects this and say that â€Å"fiction was not a panacea, but it did not offer us a critical way of appraising and grasping the world – not just our world but that other world that had become the object of our desires. † ( 282) Going back to Lolita and its relation with the Iranian society, Iran is much like Humbert who despite molesting the young Lolita, appears normal in other parts of his life. By implementing a standard on morality, the Iranian society was telling people that it was normal to do so in order to run the country better. And like Humbert, the Iranian society does not blame itself but others for what is wrong. Humbert wants Lolita to become what is perfect for him, no different from what the regime wants for its citizens. The Iranian regime blames the â€Å"dissidents† for what has happened to the country hence the imposition of the new rules or codes of morality. The new codes of morality while restricting activities of most of its citizens, have also made their lives more exciting. What was then ordinary activities where now being done as a secret mission. People who wanted to watch foreign films, eat ice cream, or even meet without wearing veils were doing so in secret. Thus while the citizens were openly showing their support for the rules, they were also secretly doing normal things that were now considered as taboo. The imposition of codes of morality this did not totally alter the responsibilities of the citizens and their roles but only on how they performed it. As mentioned earlier, the issue of morality is a very complex one. By imposing a standard on morality, the Iranian regime thus changed the way its citizens behaved. Women now found their freedom curtailed as they were required to wear veils and not allowed to talk to persons of the other sex. Activities that were regularly considered as norm where now being done in secret. While most people were still allowed to hold their jobs, they faced the constant scrutiny of the religious sector. While Iranian women and people around the world viewed these changes as something negative, the regime however defended its actions by stating that the change was needed. Thus even if the propagator, Khomeini, had died, the practice continued. Another effect that the rules had, specifically on Nafisi, was her having to quit the university and teaching a class and discussing books in secret. For Nafisi, the university was no longer a place where students can have honest discussion asking â€Å"how could one teach when the main concern of university officials was not the quality of one’s work but the color of one’s lips, the subversive potential of a single strand of hair? † (11) This activity leads to Nafisi bonding with her students since most of them feel that they have been made irrelevant by the new regime. The rule requiring women to wear veils becomes more oppressive when Nafisi reveals that when the students that decided to be with her came to the room, their removing the veils and scarves was an act that was not as simple as one imagines. According to Nafisi, â€Å"each one gained an outline and a shape, becoming her own inimitable self. † (5) Because of their continuous gathering, they begin to have hope. The students draw on the parallelism on what they are currently experiencing with what they are reading. Nafisi explicitly states in the book that â€Å"[h]ope for some means its loss for others; when the hopeless regain some hope, those in power – the ones who had taken it away – become afraid, more protective of their endangered interests, more repressive. † (276) What this tells us is that instead of just living their lives simply, getting jobs and having a family, Nafisi, her students, and maybe some other Iranians, now found a different purpose in life. They know that they have to be strong if they want their society to change. That even if hope is all that they have left, it is better than nothing. On reading the book, Heywood’s point that morality is actually concerned with not only the ethical questions but also how right and wrong are different is made clearer. The question that arises is how can an individual survive if that person has a different perception on himself or herself which is different from what society says? The answer is not simply to become political and institute change. Although it can be considered that the personal is political, at the core of the fight for political rights is the desire to protect ourselves, to prevent the political from intruding on our individual lives. (273) Imagination or fantasy is the one that bridges the political and the personal. The regimes â€Å"first task had been to blur the lines and boundaries between the personal and the political, thereby destroying them both. † (273) In summary, we need to keep in mind what a society is. A group of individuals with something in common and that includes moral principles. When a society has different principles on morality, like what happened in Iran, nothing good can come out of it. This is most true when a society that has experienced freedom before is suddenly restricted. Some groups will feel oppressed and will fight it. Those in power meanwhile, will do what they to prevent that from happening. The one good thing about Nafisi’s novel is that it does not in provide any political analysis on the situation in Iran. Rather it is about what people can do despite the tyranny around them. That students can learn when they apply and feel what they have read. Morality will always be a very tricky issue. The debate on the concept of right and wrong will not end overnight. If there is one thing that Nafisi’s novel teaches us, it is that setting a standard for morality is not an answer.

rhetorical devices Essays

rhetorical devices Essays rhetorical devices Essay rhetorical devices Essay Student 2: Rhetorical Analysis-I , Annotated Bibliography-6, Commentary-16, Memoir-23 Student 2: Past experience Rhetorical Analysis: Walden, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Is the second chapter from Henry D. Thoreaus book Walden, found on pages 81-98 originally published by Princeton University Press, 1854. This edition is the 2004 reprint of the 1971 copyright with an introduction by John Updike. The critical memoir was penned in 1845 by Henry David Thoreau as an account of a two year and two month period spent in the woods living at Walden Pond near the village f Concord, Mass. Written in observation of the times in which Thoreau lived, he masterfully describes aspects of the lives of the local villagers and the thoughts he himself has in respect to what he sees life as, and how he believes life should be. Thoreaus stylistic use of language gives the reader a vivid account of how he sees the world progressing in the village of Concord. His observation of life and what he found to be the only necessary things which a person truly needs comes to life in his account. Thoreau makes a detailed, vivid account giving voice to a simpler life. He ocks his contemporarys belief in the need to possess material goods, land and wealth as a form of being. Thoreau writings in this section come to life because of his observations of the average man, or maybe more like the ideal model of a man, and what the society of his time believes should be priorities. Land ownership, if one had the resources to own land, is a point that Thoreau makes references. Ownership of material wealth is brought to light as well. His overall thinking on these issues is deliberated over throughout the text. He goes into great detail about the things he as observed in his nearly thirty years of life. He has a very distinct opinion of the culture in which he lives and writes with a very strong opinion to the silliness in which his peers live their lives by what he would consider not really living free. He is of the mind that people are enslaved by the very things which they strive to obtain. He states in this section, for a man is rich in proportion to the number of things in which he can afford to leave alone (82). This is a comment that makes reference to this mind set Thoreau has taken with him on his experiment into the woods. Thoreaus experiment is one of living only with what he needs, and taking with him as little as possible and to acquiring the rest from nature when possible. Thoreaus choice of a living environment and the use of his own hands to build his living quarters add to assessment of the necessaries of life and add value to his statements of what really should matter to men, which in this case would be true freedom to live. Thoreau states, l went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. And to see if I could not learn hat it had to teach and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived (92). Thoreaus ability to survive by his own means is a common ability for his time. Farming as he accounts is the primary means of income for people in and around his village. He speaks of farms in which he had looked at owning and speaking with people who owned the farms at the time. He has a moment that he briefly owned one farm even though he had never actually taken possession of it. He never had the possession of the farm as the farmers wife had changed her mind on leaving the property. He thought of the farm as a place in nature and not as a means to an end, this being an income in which to obtain material goods. When he speaks of his thought of obtaining a farm of his own, he states, l knew all the while that it would yield the most abundant crop of the kind I wanted if only I could afford to leave it alone (83). This is testament to his thoughts on this topic, that a farm was more valuable if Just left to nature freeing the farmer at the same time. All of this points directly to Thoreaus attitude and reason for the witting of Walden and the experiment in which he invested himself wholly. Thoreaus relationship to the reader is one of knowing disagreement. He has been part of the world he disagrees with, being the son of a pencil maker. He attended Harvard, which was something that only people with money would have done in his time. He has even worked several occupations over the course of his life in what appears to be an internal search for what he believes and who he is as a person. He seems to be attempting to persuade his peers that their life of possession is a waste of time. That expressing oneself to nature is a much more noble pursuit than being attached to ones belongings could ver be. He expresses this with the phrase to affect the quality of the day is the highest of art (90). His attempt to show his readers that life does not need to be a hurry, but should be examined at a slower pace so it can be much more appreciated is a main theme he is proposing to his readers. Thoreaus brings a sense of emotional relaxation to his writing as the ability to shed the unnecessary baggage in ones life can be realized by all who read the text to some level. He allow the readers to find something in life, which they can do without in the attempt to find an inner appiness that does not require the newest goods that mankind has to offer. The peers and other member of this village are not the only ones who can benefit from Thoreaus observations. His writing reaches farther than his local affiliates. His words reach out to the entire nation of the time and future generations as well, whether intended or not. His orientation is one of local roaming and doesnt express his thoughts farther than what he sees in his area; however, the text can be enveloped by people anywhere who can most definitely relate to the feeling of suffocation from he weight of possession and responsibility to a way of life that supports an unnecessary life style. He does however; take the stance that news is only minimally important in the aspect that once you hear something it really doesnt matter how many times that same situation occurs. In a sense, once a person knows something is possible, the frequency in which it occurs is unimportant. His words reach farther than maybe even Thoreau had intended them. Whether or not they could be treated as gospel is up to the reader and what he or she is willing to give up in order to live ree. Not many readers of his day would attempt such a life on purpose, and even Thoreau himself stayed near enough the village that his experiment could be aborted in the case of an extreme emergency even though he has yet to mention this outright in the text. Thoreau states: l was seated by the shore of a small pond, about a mile and a half from the village of Concord and somewhat higher than it. Thoreaus language is poetic at times; although, because of the era it was written in can be hard to interpret on the first read through. A thorough reading is necessary for the his would be the passage that concludes the chapter. He observes, My head is hands and feet. I feel all my best faculties concentrated in it. My instinct tells me that my head is an organ for burrowing, as some creatures use their snout and fore-paws, and with it I would mine and burrow my way through these hills. I think that the richest vein is somewhere hereabouts; so by the divining rod and thin rising vapors I judge; and here I will begin to mine (98). The passage can be confusing reading it only once; however, if the reader examines it more closely, he or she might find that it s referring to the ability of the hands and feet to do work of value, in Thoreaus opinion, as they have done for him in his life up to this point. However, Thoreau thinks that his head is the more valuable to him in his now settled surroundings, and is ready to start mining the thoughts that will come along with his forth coming experiences in the remote location that is now his home. The poetry that he writes the final paragraph with sets the tone for his thoughts of the moment. He appears to have an eagerness to experience all that nature has in store for him, and to not live a ruitless life. The question now is whether or not Thoreau is effectively getting his message across to the reader. His wording very effectively sets an image of his situation in the readers mind, and his environment is painted wonderfully by the phrases and analogies that he uses to express himself. Environment is the key word as he is not Just trying to explain his surroundings, but moreover explains why he believes as he does, what is going on in his thoughts along with where he is and what is happening down to the smallest detail such as the sound of the mosquito in the orning, to the mist on the early morning pond as the sun rises. His point of how things are and how they could or maybe even should be is put into perspective in this section of the text. Thoreau gets his point across with excellent imagery and poetry that allows the reader to be drawn into his world and live what Thoreau is living at that time. Those who read the text can start to believe the way that Thoreau is living his experiment is an acceptable reality and can easily get on board with the possibility of a simpler life. One may even enw his ability to attempt this life, as he llows the reader to imagine a life less complicated by the things that they value in their own life. To be free to move without being tied to the comforts of life and to feel that maybe life could be comfortable in a different sense without being suffocated by material belongings. To come and go as one pleases without constraint to property in the form of land or all the other things that can fill ones home. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Yepsen, Rhodes. Encouraging Sustainable Recycling Behavior Through Financial Incentives. Biocycle 1 Dec. 2007: 34-7. ProQuest. 29 sep. 2008 . The above entioned article states the progress that was made in Wilmington, Delaware toward implementing a recycling program that would increase community participation by using of a reward system along with ease of use for the citizens participating in the program. It describes the steps taken in running two separate pilot programs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania neighborhoods to research the level citizens would take part in the program. Research was conducted in two separate income neighborhoods work to increase reusable materials along with reducing material deposited in the landfill. The points out the thought that recycling failures are due to the investment in time needed for households to successfully increase recycling and reduce waste in landfills. The pilot programs that were implemented to test the theory that one bin used to recycle any material appropriate to be recycled would increase the participation in those communities. Along with the ease of the one bin method was the implementation of a financial incentive given by recycling firm (Blue Mountain materials recycling facility), paid as credits to local business for the amount in weight of the bi-weekly recycling bin picked up curbside. The rate in which households increased their recycling efforts Jumped from 30 to 90 percent in one neighborhood and quadrupled to 90 percent as well in the second pilot neighborhood. This laid the ground work to implement the program on a city sized scale. Wilmington, DE was the city to be used to implement the large scale recycling program which would grow to 65 percent of the 73,000 population participating in the program along with over 300 retail partners and growing. This amount of recycled materials has reduced the deposits in the landfill by 35 percent (6,700 tons) every other week. The source is a rade publication in the green movement and reliable to a degree, however may be slightly tainted due to putting a positive spin on any recycling effort that appears to work toward the end goal of changing recycling policy. This article is extremely useful in that it exemplifies how recycling could increase if the time needed and the financial incentive were implemented in other cities. Fargo has roughly the same population as Wilmington and the fact that the program is successful there makes it feasible to implement the same or similar program in other cities of at least the same general population. The extreme increase in recycling due to the program leads one to believe that recycling as it is in its current state will not provide improved results toward reusing limited resources anytime soon if ever. Gamerman, Ellen. Weekend Journal; An Inconvenient Bag. Wall Street Journal. 26 Sept. 2008. ProQuest. 29 Sep. 2008 . This article from The Wall Street Journal is an informational piece on the new trend in green grocery shopping with popularity of the reusable shopping bag. The article goes on to explain the difficulty in making products environmentally safe because of the materials being used. It also states the extent to which some retailers are planning to cut purchases of single use plastic bags and market reusable shopping bags for customers which will lower operating costs in the effort to transform the retail experience into a more green experience. The reputation of The Wall Street Journal and the expert reporting that has been a trusted source for national news for many years establishes this as a credible source. The reporting and facts of this article will be most useful when discussing some of the problems with the green movement and how good intensions can backfire if not thought through ompletely. An example of the unintended problems with this particular effort lies in the bag which is the focus of this article. The article points to the use of the reusable grocery store to the megastore. The main statement of this article is the use of the reusable bag and that if a person doesnt intend to use the bag, then it is better not taking the bag because it will most likely still end up in the landfill like its thinner disposable cousins, however because it uses a larger quantity of plastic, it will take much longer to biodegrade. Other secondary points made in the article pertain to ity ordinances in places such as San Francisco, that is making an attempt to ban plastic bags altogether. This comes on the news that an estimated 100 billion plastic bags are thrown out every year in the U. S. alone. It is interesting to learn that the reusable bag is made from plastic even though the feel and look may lead a person to think otherwise. This point is important when considering grabbing several of the bags to transport purchases to and from the store and whether or not they will actually get used. A suggestion the author submits to the reader is to return the bags o the vehicle after unloading so they will always be available and not forgotten at home. This source will be very useful in showing the extent in which certain entities, whether it be a corporation such as Wal-Mart, or a even a government such as the City of San Francisco, and how it is trying to eliminate the plastic bag issue that is becoming a much more popular issue in the quest to become more environmentally responsible. Silva, Cristina. Recycling Has a New Supporter: The Mayor: The Countys Offer of Free Recycling Proves Too Tempting For Mayor Rick Baker to Ignore. St. Petersburg Times. 25 sept. 2008. ProQuest. 29 sept. 2008 . This article is strictly on the point of why the Mayor of St. Petersburg, FL has changed his mind on curbside recycling in the city and what the issues were that had held him back from implementing a city wide recycling program in St. Petersburg, FL. The St. Petersburg Times article seem s to be a relevant and unbiased source for the article that has credible legs to it. The article is short and to the point, but offers insight into the problems of instituting curbside recycling that many U. S. cities are currently dealing with. This articles main point is that the mayor has changes his ind toward implementing a recycling program, due to the involvement of the county and their willingness to pay for the implementation of the program that is currently on the table. The mayor had two concerns that had limited his willingness to get behind a city recycling program with the biggest issue being the cost involved with such a program. This issue is the main point and biggest hurdle the city was dealing with to start curbside recycling for the residents. The second issue the mayor had concerns with was greenhouse emissions from collections vehicles that would be used for this service. The second point leads one to believe that the recycling service would be of great interest to the city since it appears to want to be more environmentally responsible. This article will back up the point that will be the main focus of the paper which appears to be the cost involved in starting recycling programs in cities nationwide. This article will be useful to discuss how economic issues play the largest role in household recycling even in cities such as St. Petersburg, that are interested in McKay, Dan. City Sees Recycling Increase: Curbside Service, Awareness Cited as Reasons. Albuquerque Journal. 23 Sept. 2008,C. . ProQuest. 29 Sept. 2008 . The main point of this article is on recycling efforts in Albuquerque, NM that take the approach that keeping the community informed and aware of the importance of recycling at the household level. This approach differs from other resources being used, because the approach is not one of financial incentive to motivate communities to recycle. Credibility is sound on the basis of the source being a locate newspaper. The article is not detailed in the information about how the city informs the citizens in order to get them to participate in the recycling program in certain parts of the city, owever does state that the effort is making a difference with the community. The article goes on to mention the fact that 10,000 tons of waste are recycled annually with the program that provides recycling bins to residents to recycle materials to be picked up curbside for convenience. It is unclear if there is a current fee being charged by the city to recycle at the current rate, however, the article goes on to say that the success of the program has maxed out the current recycling facility, and increased amounts of recycling would require a garbage collection rate increase to fund a new facility. This source is beneficial in its statements of the amount of recycling being done by a community for benefit of the environment as the only motivating factor. The Albuquerque community, if memory serves, is a very affluent, artistic and would seem to be motivated by good deed alone in my opinion. The informing and making the community aware of the benefits of recycling could take much more effort in different communities in the U. S. along with a greater financial propaganda program to make this approach successful. Bell, Tom. Westbrook to Get Free Recycling: The Deal With Casella Waste Systems Includes Extending a Sewer Line on County Road. Portland Press Herald. 23 Sept. 2008. ProQuest. 29 Sept. 2008 . This article is focuses on how the city of Portland , ME has overcome charging recycling fees by making a deal to supply a sewer system free of charge to the Casella Waste System in exchange for free curbside recycling to the city residents for the next 20 years. The source of the a rticle is the Portland Press Herald which has local credibility and doesnt show any signs of bias either for or against the deal. The estimated cost of the sewer system is $250,000 and will also be used by other landowners along the ounty road which will bring additional income to the city from this use. The waste facility is also prohibited from building an incinerator to dispose of unrecyclable materials in order to avoid greenhouse gas emissions. The city will also pay 68. 50 per ton of garbage to the facility down from 98. 50 as part of the deal. The facility will then process the recycled material and sell it to companies that make secondary recycled products for resale on a national basis. This article is not original except in how it shows one possibility for a community to fund recycling to the citizens while keeping the process simple to participate in to ould definitely work in many communities that would like to find alternative ways to green up their communities, when simply taxing residents or charging fees to gain participation in recycling programs is desired. How We Can Avoid Future Landfill Expansions. Bucks County Courier Times. 22 Sept. 2008. ProQuest. 29 Sept. 2008 . This article shows the ways that average households can save money by reducing waste by purchasing reusable item as opposed to single use items. The article goes on to specify other ways to reduce waste in households such as composting food waste, to finding other uses around he house for items that cant currently be recycled. The article comes from the Buck County Courier Times located in Levittown, PA and has a focus on ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle better k now as the three Rs. The first point of the article focus on being aware of what you buy to ensure that it is something that can be recycled and choose only those items that can be recycled; if it cant be recycled you should ask yourself it can have another long term use. The example question the article asks is: Can this be used for my childrens art supplies? The second point stated in the article is that food waste takes up large mounts of the waste disposed by households and makes note that this type of material can be easily composted instead. The article is a bit vague but takes a different angle to recycling and gives would be or current recycler ideas and awareness to the issues of landfill reduction. The articles makes note that Wheelabrator, which is a local recycling processor, reuses 200 tons of recyclables on any given day to make clean, marketable secondary materials. Abramovitz, Janet N. and Ashley T. Mattoon. Paper Cuts: Recovering the Paper Landscape. Worldwatch Paper 149. (Dec. 1999): 31-36. Worldwatch Paper is a espected Journal that focuses on environmental issues in many different areas. This issue is on the paper waste issue that grows exponentially annually, the resources origin, the need for sustainability, and the need to recycle or eliminate the use of paper products. The portion of this particular Journal that is the focus is on the issue of trimming consumption. The section of the Journal on trimming paper consumption is geared toward how businesses currently use paper, and how they could drastically reduce current usage. The largest use of paper as would be expected would be the office. The areas of interest are things such as the availability of duplex printers, or printers with the ability to print on both sides of the paper. This is currently the most commonly used printer in the business setting today, however they are not being put to this use as many businesses dont print on both sides of paper. Another way to effectively cut paper usage is to print two pages per side, which is estimated to reduce paper usage by 75% in some cases. Paperless billing is now becoming more accepted nationally by the average consumer which is responsible for reduced paper consumption in the odern office. Yet another suggestion to reduce paper consumption in the modern business was to reduce the weight of the paper, in other words to use a lower grade in the same amount of space. This is a very informative and insightful topic within a Journal that can be extremely useful in other areas of paper waste and recyclability of the limited paper resource. There are many ideas on how to reduce, reuse, and recycle paper that is backed up with solid research to solidify the facts and ideas put forth. Porter, Richard C. The Economics of Waste. Resources for the Future, 2002. This book as written with the purpose of examining the economics behind recycling everything that can be recycled along with scientific data focused on why recycling works when it does, and why recycling doesnt work when issues such a government regulations, lack of public interest, or financial lose due to inefficient recycling processes take place for example. This very in depth book is a systematic examination of different aspects of the recycling industry. It puts many areas of the industry under the microscope and examines the instability of recycling and why it is hard to get a large scale recycling peration going, due to financial losses experienced in many cases. The issues that are prevalent are the disposable nature of most things consumed in the modern era. Nothing seems to be made to last or made to be reused. Economics success of the modern corporations is based on consumption and economic growth cannot happen without continued consumption, which translates into the need for disposable materials to be used to make our products. This is contributing to large quantities of waste going into landfills, and the inability of recycling facilities to make an economic rofit means that they are of no need in our society. The reason that these facilities cant succeed stems from a number of reasons, with the most obvious being that people Just dont seem to care about recycling. It may not be that people dont care as much as they dont feel it is convenient to recycle and requires either too much effort, time, or cost to the consumer, all of which gives zero incentive to recycle and care for the environment that still hasnt been embraced by a significant enough of the population to have much of an effect. This book has a very logical and mathematical approach to the issues with ffective recycling, and financial gains that will make recycling an industry that will become common place in modern society. The author has stated clearly that financial incentive will be need on the part of the consumer to recycle, along with financial incentive for companies to make long lasting products, and finally financial incentive to build recycling facilities that can turn a profit. The entire book will be extremely useful in backing up many ideas and concepts that are the norm in todays recycling efforts with detailed mathematical formulas for proof. This book will be used in its ntirety to back up recycling facts used in writing the recycling commentary. Lave, Lester B. et al. Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Issues. Journal of Environmental Engineering (Oct 1999): 944-48. EBSCO: Academic Search Elite. 14 Oct. The Journal entry is a valid study of economics and recycling policy in the U. S. and the ability of recycling to be a self sustained industry and why it currently is not so. a mathematical approach to its successes and failures. The Journal of Environmental Engineering is a credible resource available to researchers of with a need for information on engineering responsibly for the future. This particular Journal entry covers several angles of recycling and the reasons why it is not a profitable or highly sought after industry, and why the recycling industry is a long way from being one that will be heavily invested in anytime in the foreseeable future, however two stand out as being the biggest hurdles in the capitalistic environment of profit and loses. The first of these two is the fact that the disposal of waste into a landfill is still the most affordable way to rid ourselves of the things we no longer find useful. The second main point is that it is still cheaper to obtain the esources from the original source than it is to get them from recycling in almost every case with the exception of aluminum and steel. Keeping this in mind it is understandable the aluminum can recycling is one of the most common forms of fore putting waste in the landfill recycling and has been in practice for the longest period of time. Automobile recycling has also been around for some time and accounts for a large portion of the resources needed to provide new steel products to consumers, even though less and less steel is being used to manufacture goods of any kind today. Eighty percent of the products made from steel in the U. S. today come from recycled steel. The statement made in this Journal do not leave the reader feeling encouraged about recycling efforts increasing to a larger degree in the near future because it Just cant make money until natural resources dwindle to the point that they become more expensive to get them from their natural source than from recycling. The recycling effort in a state like North Dakota is not going to increase because population is so minimal compared to other regions that it will be far in the future due to the inexpensive use of land for landfills that this state has plenty of. Isely, Paul and Aaron Lowen. Price and Substitution in Residential Solid Waste. contemporary Economic policy 25. 3 (2007): 433-43. EBSCO: Academic search Elite. 14 oct. 2008 . The Journal entry is based in the economics of a variety of waste disposal and is a reliable source for the costs involved in waste disposal and the costs involved by making mathematical calculations to disposal of different types without stating which combination is the best. Simply stated the money involved in waste disposal of various types is the only focus of this article. The information in this resource is directed at landfill costs and how much money er ton the case study landfill charges per ton of waste, how much additional tonnage can be disposed of and the increased amount of waste an increase in fees can accommodate for future needs. The costs for landfill disposal are broken down into the smallest conceivable variable from fuel charges for pickup vehicles to labor involved in employing workers at every stage of disposal. The breakdown and formulas used to fgure the cost of disposal are explained so that any future changes in costs such as increased expense of things such as fuel for example can be fgured The information is useful in breaking down the costs involved with waste disposal and the degree of exactness the study was conducted is amazing. Waste disposal was researched for several years and measure the weight of disposal in tons and even took into account seasonal changes in temperature and moister from precipitation that could be absorbed into waste before the weight was taken before disposal. It appears that no detail was overlooked in this particular study and should come in handy when straight forward hard facts are need to backup points on amounts of actual waste being disposed of compared to amounts recycled. COMMENTARY Household Recycling: Examples of How to Successfully Reduce Landfill Disposal By now most people are aware that paper, plastic, aluminum, and glass are everyday materials that play a part in almost everything Americans consume. Whether it is as common as the aluminum can that contains a popular soda, to the plastic water bottles that line the coolers of every convenience store; and these items are piling up in our landfills, all the while more, unsustainable, raw materials are being depleted to make their replacements. If asked, most people would say that they would like to be more eco-friendly; have a smaller environmental footprint; or in ther words, be kind to the earth we all share. What better way to do your part than recycling? You may not save the world from environmental disaster, but it is a start. Most people are familiar with the three arrows that form a flowing, and never ending triangle; this is the symbol for recycling, or a product that is recyclable, will have the symbol located on it. Unfortunately, most products that have this symbol stamped on the bottom, or printed on its side, still end up as waste in the landfill, or city dump. Most people, for certain reasons and sometimes for no reason at all, dont give recycling much thought. These reasons take a variety of forms; some people feel they dont have the time recycle, others extra space for recyclables, and even more dont want to foot the extra cost of recycling. However, some cities are addressing these issues; and in doing so, are finding success in recycling programs that take many different forms, and have been developed through innovative thinking, and accomplishing the ultimate goal of reducing garbage in the landfill. The first topic of that arises when discussing recycling, is that of the time and inconvenience people often associate with the whole process. Imagine that the local

Coco Chanel, Famed Fashion Designer and Executive

Coco Chanel, Famed Fashion Designer and Executive Gabrielle Coco Chanel (August 19, 1883–January 10, 1971) opened her first millinery shop in 1910, and in the 1920s she rose to become one of the premier fashion designers in Paris. Replacing the corset with comfort and casual elegance, her fashion themes included simple suits and dresses, womens trousers, costume jewelry, perfume, and textiles. She is particularly known for introducing the world to the iconic little black dress as well as a perfume, Chanel No. 5, in 1922. It is, to this day, one of the most famous perfumes of all time. Fast Facts: Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel ï » ¿Known For: Founder of the House of Chanel, creator of the Chanel suit, Chanel jacket, and bell bottoms, Chanel No. 5 perfumeAlso Known As: Gabrielle Bonheur ChanelBorn: August 19, 1883 in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, FranceParents: Eugà ©nie Jeanne Devolle, Albert ChanelDied: January 10, 1971 in Paris, FranceAwards and Honors: Neiman Marcus Fashion Award, 1957Notable Quotes: A girl should be two things: classy and fabulous. ... Fashion fades, only style remains the same. ... Fashion is what one wears oneself. What is unfashionable is what other people wear. Early Years and Career Gabrielle Coco Chanel claimed to be born in 1893 at Auvergne, but she was actually born on August 19, 1883, in Saumur, France. According to her version of her life story, her mother worked in the poorhouse where Chanel was born and died when she was only 6, leaving her father with five children whom he promptly abandoned to the care of relatives. She adopted the name Coco during a brief career as a cafe and concert singer from 1905 to 1908. First a mistress of a wealthy military officer and then of an English industrialist, Chanel drew on the resources of these patrons in setting up a millinery shop in Paris in 1910, expanding to Deauville and Biarritz. The two men also helped her find customers among women of society, and her simple hats became popular. The Rise of a Fashion Empire Soon, Coco was expanding to couture and working in jersey, a first in the French fashion world. By the 1920s, her fashion house had expanded considerably, and her chemise set a fashion trend with its little boy look. Her relaxed fashions, short skirts, and casual look were in sharp contrast to the corset fashions popular in the previous decades. Chanel herself dressed in mannish clothes and adapted these more comfortable fashions, something that other women also found liberating. In 1922, Chanel introduced a perfume, Chanel No. 5, which became and remained popular, and remains a profitable product of Chanels company. Pierre Wertheimer became her partner in the perfume business in 1924, and perhaps also her lover. Wertheimer owned 70% of the company; Chanel received 10 percent and her friend, Thà ©ophile Bader, 20 percent. The Wertheimers continue to control the perfume company today. Chanel introduced her signature cardigan jacket in 1925 and iconic little black dress in 1926. Most of her fashions had a staying power and didnt change much from year to year- or even generation to generation. World War II Break and Comeback Chanel briefly served as a nurse during World War II. Nazi occupation meant the fashion business in Paris was cut off for some years; Chanels affair during World War II with a Nazi officer also resulted in some years of diminished popularity and an exile of sorts to Switzerland. In 1954, her comeback restored her to the top ranks of haute couture. Her natural, casual clothing including the Chanel suit, once again caught the eye- and purses- of women. She introduced pea jackets and bell bottom pants for women. In addition to her work with high fashion, Chanel also designed stage costumes for such plays as Cocteaus Antigone (1923) and Oedipus Rex (1937) and film costumes for several movies, including Renoirs La Regle de Jeu. Katharine Hepburn starred in the 1969 Broadway musical Coco based on the life of Coco Chanel. A 2008  television  movie  Coco  Chanel starred Shirley MacLaine portraying the famous designer around the time of her 1954 career resurrection. Death and Legacy Chanel worked right up to the time she died. Though she was ailing and in declining health by the early 1970s, she continued to direct her company. In January 1971, she began preparing the spring catalog for her firm. She took a long drive on the afternoon of January 9 and then went to bed early, feeling ill. She died the next day, January 10, 1971, at the Hotel Ritz in Paris, where she had lived for more than three decades. Chanel was worth a reported $15 billion when she died. And though her career had its ups and downs, her legacy in the fashion industry is assured. In addition to perfumes and the little black dress, Chanel helped popularize costume jewelry, trousers, tweed jackets, and short hair for women- all of which were considered fashion no-nos before Chanel came onto the scene. The company also created such iconic items as black bouclà © jackets, two-tone ballet pumps, and an array of quilted handbags. Designer Karl Lagerfeld took the reins at Chanel in 1983 and lifted the company back to prominence. He ran Chanel right up until his death on Februry 19, 2019, as the companys creative director.  Virginie Viard, Lagerfelds right-hand woman for more than three decades, was named to succeed him. Chanel is a private company owned by the Wertheimer family and continues to thrive; it reported sales of nearly $10 billion for the 2017 fiscal year. Sources Alkayat, Zena.  Library of Luminaries: Coco Chanel: An Illustrated Biography. Illustrated by Nina Cosford. 2016.Garelick, Rhonda K.  Mademoiselle: Coco Chanel and the Pulse of History.  2015.